Category: Research

Belgian-born Technion scientist Dr. Katrien Vandoorne leads research tracking inflammation in the body and says Israel’s collaborative science culture and wartime resilience convinced her to build her lab and raise her family here

When Dr. Katrien Vandoorne first arrived in Israel to pursue her PhD at the Weizmann Institute of Science, she was struck by something that went far beyond laboratories and research facilities. “The people were very collaborative and warm and inspiring,” she recalled. “The science was really great for me, but also the Mediterranean climate, the food, all those things.”

Originally from Belgium, Vandoorne said the country’s scientific culture felt very different from the academic environment she had known in Europe. “In Belgium it’s very hierarchical,” she said. “The professor is very high up, and you should always be very polite and never question anything that is written in the book.”

How did you find Israel’s scientific culture in contrast?
“What I really like about Israel is that, as a master’s student, you can question the whole theory of your professor, and there is no problem with that,” she said. “Your professor will actually like it that the student is engaged and wants to make your theory fall.”

For Vandoorne, that openness was transformative. “No one will ever say, ‘That’s a stupid question,’” she said. “Everybody will say, ‘Hey, that’s a good question,’ and take it as a sport.” She believes this atmosphere encourages creativity and innovation. “The young people, they’re the ones with the, maybe, crazy ideas, but maybe also really solving things that the previous generations couldn’t solve.”

Building a life in Israel

Although Vandoorne later had opportunities to work in Europe and the United States, she and her family ultimately decided to build their future in Israel. “It was really a package deal,” she said. Her husband, an Israeli, had long hoped to return. But Vandoorne said the decision was not only personal. “For me it was really the scientific culture and the unique combination of very good science that wants to make an impact and solve problems, together with a really human environment,” she said.

Family considerations also played a central role. The couple moved to Israel in the summer of 2018 with their three young children. “They were 3, 5 and 7,” she said. Starting over in a new country while raising a family was not simple. “Becoming an immigrant means that you have to learn the language, find new friends and also professionally grow,” she said. “It’s been a journey.”

Despite the challenges, she says the experience has been enriching. “Instead of making myself smaller by being only an immigrant, I expanded myself by learning Hebrew and also being part of the Israeli culture,” she said.

Mapping inflammation in the body

Today Vandoorne is head of theIn Vivo Multi-Scale Imaging Lab at the Technion’s Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in Haifa. Before joining the Technion, she worked at leading research institutions in Europe and the United States, including Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, and conducted research at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where she completed her PhD.

Her team studies how inflammation spreads through the body and how immune cells travel between organs. “When the body faces any stress like infection, chronic disease or heart attack, the immune system is activated,” she explained. “Most of these immune cells come from the bone marrow. It’s like a factory inside the bones where blood and immune cells are produced.” Her work focuses on how inflammation contributes to diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and neurological disorders, conditions in which the immune system plays a key role.

Using advanced imaging technologies including MRI, PET-CT and intravital microscopy, her team tracks immune cells as they move from the bone marrow through the bloodstream to organs such as the heart and brain. “Our goal is really to visualize these inflammatory processes so we can measure them, monitor them and ultimately also treat them,” she said. “Or even diagnose them earlier and be more precise with therapies.”

Vandoorne’s work sits at the intersection of biology, medicine and engineering, reflecting the Technion’s approach of combining technological innovation with medical research.

A unique research ecosystem

Vandoorne says the Technion’s strength lies in its ability to bridge engineering and medicine. “It combines engineers on the technical side and clinicians on the medicine side,” she said. “You have Rambam Hospital, a great medical school and all the engineers needed to solve problems.” Biomedical engineers often stand at the intersection of those disciplines. “We’re really trying to work on real-world problems,” she said.

Beyond infrastructure, she credits the university’s collaborative atmosphere. “It’s a very warm human environment,” she said. “Everybody is open and supporting. Whatever question I have, people are trying to help.”

Life and work during war

Like many Israelis, Vandoorne’s daily life has also been shaped by the ongoing war. “The war has been a rough pill to swallow,” she said. Without extended family nearby and with many international friends leaving Israel after the October 7 attacks, the experience has been emotionally challenging. “I built up a whole network of friends and most of them left,” she said. “It was very confronting for me to need to start it up again.”

Yet she says both her children and her students have helped her navigate the uncertainty. “My children teach me the most about how to deal with it,” she said. “I worry about them and they tell me not to. They say they are fine.” Her lab community has also provided support. “For me our faculty feels like a small family,” she said. “Everybody is really part of the community.”

During periods of heavy rocket fire from Hezbollah in northern Israel, staff and students often gathered in a large underground shelter inside their building. “We were just all down there trying to ground ourselves by talking science in the shelter while bombs were falling,” she said. “After everything stops everybody gives a hug and we go back up and continue our day.”

Believing in Israel’s scientific future

Despite the difficulties, Vandoorne remains optimistic about Israel’s future in science and innovation. “I think if anywhere there’s going to be biomedical innovation, it’s going to be here,” she said. Part of that belief comes from what she sees as a national resilience. “We are not afraid of anything,” she said. “That lack of fear stops many people in other countries from innovating.”

Facing constant challenges can also fuel creativity, she said. “If you are in a country where everything is good and everything is fine, you don’t want to take a challenge,” she said. “Here we deal with challenges every day.”

For Vandoorne, that spirit continues to shape both her research and her life in Israel. “It really feels like a place where people want to solve problems and help each other,” she said. “That’s why I want to stay.”

Prof. Katrien Vandoorne is head of the In Vivo Multiscale Imaging Lab in the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.

Researchers at the Technion Faculty of Biology have discovered that a mechanism responsible for breaking down toxic proteins, and known to be involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, may actually spread these proteins to neighboring cells, thereby promoting the progression of the disease in the brain

A research group led by Professor Michael Glickman, dean of the Technion’s Faculty of Biology, has uncovered a key mechanism in the development of Alzheimer’s. The mechanism in question identifies toxic proteins and disposes of them. In most cases, harmful proteins are degraded inside the cell. However, the researchers found that in certain situations, the very system meant to eliminate these proteins simply transfers them outside the cell. This discovery may explain how a disease that begins randomly in individual neurons can spread to large regions of the brain.

The study, published in PNAS, was led by Prof. Glickman and postdoctoral researcher Dr. Ajay Wagh. In their article, they describe how brain cells deal with UBB+1, a defective and toxic variant of the protein ubiquitin.

The ubiquitin system is essential for breaking down damaged and dangerous proteins. Ubiquitin helps the body eliminate such proteins. The problem arises when ubiquitin mutates into UBB+1. Instead of protecting the cell, UBB+1 harms it, forming protein aggregates associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In brain cells, this damage is particularly severe because neurons do not divide or regenerate – once a neuron dies, it cannot be replaced. One of the “gatekeepers” that prevents UBB+1 from poisoning brain cells is the protein p62, which is involved in the cellular self-cleaning process known as autophagy. Acting as a smart receptor, p62 recognizes UBB+1 and encloses it in a vesicle that prevents it from causing harm.

Next, one of two things happens: p62 either directs the vesicle to the lysosome, which is the cell’s recycling centre, or secretes it out of the cell into the intercellular brain fluid. The Technion researchers show that the second option may endanger brain tissue. Once the vesicle is expelled into the brain’s extracellular fluid, fragments of the toxic UBB+1 protein may leak into neighboring neurons, thereby accelerating the spread of Alzheimer’s pathology.

According to Prof. Glickman, “We all want someone to take out the trash, but in this case, the cells are dumping their trash on their neighbors. Although this solves an acute problem for the individual cell, it may cause long-term damage to the entire tissue. We believe that uncovering this mechanism will enable, first, early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on analyses of cerebrospinal and other body fluids, and second, the development of precise, personalized treatments.”

The study was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and the European Research Council (ERC).

Prof. Reinhard Genzel, who won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy, met with students at the Technion and planted a tree on the campus’ “Nobel Laureates Avenue”

Prof. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize laureate for 2020, recently visited the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. During his visit, Prof. Genzel met with the incoming Dean of the Faculty of Physics, Prof. Eric Akkermans, delivered a lecture in the Faculty, met with graduate students, and then planted a tree on the Technion’s “Nobel Laureates Avenue,” where more than twenty trees have been planted by Nobel Prize laureates.

This was not Prof. Genzel’s first visit to the Technion. In 2014, the Technion awarded him the Harvey Prize in Science and Technology for proving the existence of a black hole at the center of our galaxy (i.e., the Milky Way Galaxy). The Harvey Prize is the most prestigious award granted by the Technion, and over the years, it has become known as a “Nobel predictor,” since more than 30% of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize. This was the case with Prof. Genzel, who received the Nobel Prize six years after winning the Harvey Prize. Since then, Prof. Genzel has visited the Technion several times.

Born in Germany in 1952, Prof. Genzel is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany. Until the age of 15, he believed he would become an archaeologist. “In the end, I arrived at a similar field,” he told Technion students, “after all, both archaeology and astrophysics deal with the study of the past.” He was also interested in sports and was even selected for Germany’s Olympic team in javelin throwing. A severe elbow injury cut short this promising athletic career and dashed his dream of participating in the Munich Olympics. Nevertheless, he said that “Sports gave me excellent tools for life, especially the understanding that you must work hard and know how to get up after failures.”

Before the lecture in the Faculty of Physics, Prof. Hagai Perets spoke in glowing terms about Prof. Genzel. “In my view, his greatness as a person is no less than his greatness as a scientist,” said Prof. Perets. “As a doctoral student, I remember how accessible he was to students, how much he enjoyed meeting them and helping them. His support for Israel over many decades, and especially since the events of October 7, attests to his exceptional character.”

“My visits here, and my friendships with colleagues at the Technion and in Israel in general, are a great privilege,” said Prof. Genzel. “I see many curious students here in the audience, and I promise them that the Technion is an excellent place for high-level learning.”

“Black holes were part of Einstein’s general theory of relativity,” said Prof. Genzel. “According to Newton’s classical physics, if a photon (a particle of light) passes near a mass, it will not be affected by it and will not change its path. According to Einstein, by contrast, the photon will be influenced by the mass and will deviate from its trajectory; and if the mass is particularly large, the deviation will be especially large. In such a case, regions form in space from which photons cannot escape. These are black holes.”

Since the publication of the general theory of relativity in 1915, significant breakthroughs have been made in its theoretical development, but experimental research has had to contend with numerous technological challenges – and this is where Prof. Genzel’s main contribution lies. Using the technologies he developed, Prof. Genzel succeeded in proving the existence of a black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and determined that its mass is four million times that of the Sun.

One of the technological challenges on the road to discovery was the optical challenge, since the radiation reaching the large telescopes on Earth passes through currents and turbulence in the atmosphere that distort the resulting image. The solution developed by Prof. Genzel and his colleagues combined infrared imaging, innovative optical technologies, and adaptive optics – a field that began developing in the 1980s and made it possible to correct the optical disturbances created by the atmosphere. Adaptive optics is based, among other things, on creating “virtual stars” using laser radiation and observing them telescopically; based on the data obtained from these observations, and the gap between them and the true properties of the “star,” it is possible to create a correction mechanism that neutralizes atmospheric distortions and provides a more accurate and sharper image of real objects in space.

“Prof. Genzel is a leading observational astrophysicist who has excelled in developing groundbreaking instrumentation,” explained Dr. Shmuel Bialy from the Technion Faculty of Physics, who organized the visit. “The success that led him to the Nobel Prize was based on instruments whose development he led. The most recent of these, GRAVITY, was launched in 2016 as part of the VLT (Very Large Telescope) in Chile. The instrument combines the signals from four telescopes, each with a diameter of 8.2 meters, and produces an image with exceptional resolution, equivalent to observations made with a gigantic telescope with a mirror diameter of 130 meters. This technology makes it possible to measure the positions of objects with an accuracy of up to 10 micro-arcseconds – like measuring, in a telescopic observation from Tel Aviv, the exact position of a grain of sand lying on a bench in New York.”

The technological advances led by Prof. Genzel enabled him and his partners to create pioneering observation systems and unprecedented discoveries. In October 2002, they published in Nature the findings they had collected over a decade and their central conclusion: at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, about 26,000 light-years from us, there is an object smaller than the size of the solar system but with a mass four million times that of the Sun. This discovery led to the awarding of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics to three scientists: Prof. Genzel and Prof. Andrea Ghez for the discovery of a “supermassive compact object at the center of the galaxy,” and Prof. Roger Penrose of Oxford for showing that “black holes are a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity.”

Prof. Genzel shared his scientific journey with the students. “The motivation to continue experimental research, with all its challenges, came to me from the many successes along the way. The Nobel Prize was never my motivation – and Prof. Charles Townes, Nobel laureate in Physics for 1964, made it clear to me early in my career that there are no Nobel Prizes in astrophysics. Later, when I received the Crafoord Prize in 2012 from the Royal Swedish Academy – the same academy that awards the Nobel Prize – they told me at the dinner after the ceremony that ‘you have no chance of winning a Nobel Prize – unless you present a truly earth-shaking discovery.’”

In the past decade, things have changed, and four Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded to astrophysics. One of them went to Prof. Genzel, who told the students that, “Even after the Prize, I continue to do science because that’s what I love. It’s not that nothing changes – the attention you receive following the award is hard to describe. And it doesn’t affect you only positively – suddenly, the media follows every word you say and looks for ways to create sensational headlines from your remarks. That requires great caution.”

Photo credit: Sharon Tzur, Technion Spokesperson’s Office