Researchers at the Technion have discovered how changes in genetic regulatory sequences can lead to alterations in the form and structure of animals – even when genetic regulatory systems are stable and resistant to change. The study, published in Science Advances, was led by Dr. Ella Preger-Ben Noon and Ph.D. candidate Areej Said-Ahmad from the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine.
Dr. Ella Preger-Ben Noon (on the right) and Ph.D. candidate Areej Said-Ahmad
Photo Credit: Rami Shelush
The loss of morphological traits is a common phenomenon in evolution. Well-known examples include the loss of legs in snakes and the loss of eyes in cavefish. In many cases, such changes do not result from the loss of the genes responsible for these traits, but rather from changes in how those genes are regulated during development. However, many developmental genes are controlled by multiple regulatory sequences with overlapping activity, forming a stable and robust regulatory system.
This study addresses a fundamental question in biology: how do organisms change form over the course of evolution despite the presence of stable genetic regulatory systems? These systems rely on DNA sequences known as enhancers, which activate genes at precise times, levels, and locations during development. Enhancers often act redundantly, so that if one is impaired, others can compensate and maintain proper gene expression. This redundancy confers stability and resistance to change, but also raises a paradox: how do changes in gene expression still occur, leading to alterations in the shape and structure of organs?
To address this question, the researchers focused on Drosophila flies, particularly the species Drosophila sechellia, in which tiny hair-like structures (trichomes) have disappeared from the larval body during evolution. This trait is controlled by the shavenbaby gene, whose expression is regulated by multiple enhancers. Contrary to expectations that such a system would protect gene expression from change, the researchers found that four different enhancers of shavenbaby lost their activity over the course of evolution, each through a distinct mechanism.
Image: Closely related fruit flies can look quite different because of how a single gene is turned on or off. The larvae on the left have dense rows of tiny hairs, while those on the right have lost many of them. This difference comes from changes in how the shavenbaby gene works during early developmen
Through detailed DNA sequence analysis and functional experiments, the researchers found that the loss of enhancer activity occurred via different molecular mechanisms, including deletion of essential sequences, loss of binding sites for activators and gain of repressor binding sites, acquisition of a silencer, and even the unmasking of pre-existing repression. In other words, the same evolutionary outcome – the loss of gene expression – was achieved through different molecular pathways within the same genomic region.
These findings demonstrate that the same evolutionary outcome can arise through multiple routes. The presence of multiple enhancers, while they contribute to stable gene expression, also creates points of vulnerability where mutations can reduce their activity. The study shows that stability does not necessarily act as a barrier to evolution, as there are diverse molecular ways to circumvent it. These insights are relevant to a wide range of biological systems and deepen our understanding of how variation in form and structure arises in nature.
For generations, observant Jews accepted certain culinary boundaries as fixed. Butter on a burger? Impossible. A creamy cappuccino after a meat meal? Out of the question. Cheeseburgers were perhaps the most famous symbol of what Jewish dietary law forbids.
Today, science is quietly dismantling those assumptions.
In laboratories and food technology start-ups across the world, researchers are reimagining the foods we eat. Plant-based milks, precision-fermented dairy proteins and cultivated meats are no longer futuristic curiosities; they are appearing on supermarket shelves and restaurant menus, reshaping both the food industry and religious practice.
At the heart of this revolution is Israel, the world’s original start-up nation. In 2024, Israel became the first country to approve the sale of cultivated beef to consumers. By 2026, it ranked second only to the United States in alternative protein investment, attracting more than $1.3 billion in venture capital.
One of the scientists helping to drive this transformation is Professor Uri Lesmes of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, where he is training a new generation of food engineers to tackle problems others consider impossible.
Milk Without a Cow
Among the innovations that excite Lesmes most is Remilk, a company co-founded in part by two of his former students.
“It’s a proper alternative to cow’s milk,” Lesmes explains. “And quite distinct from soy milk, which isn’t dairy.”
Remilk’s product is made through precision fermentation. Scientists identified the genes responsible for producing milk proteins in cows and inserted them into yeast. As the yeast ferments and multiplies, it produces proteins that are biochemically identical to those found in conventional milk.
The result is genuine dairy protein, but without the cow.
According to the company, the milk contains no cholesterol, lactose, hormones or antibiotics. Yet its molecular structure is the same as that of traditional dairy.
In Israel, Remilk and its competitor Cow-Free are already being produced at scale. Their absence from European shelves is not due to scientific limitations, Lesmes says, but regulatory ones.
“Many regulations in Europe are yet to catch up on such rapid innovations.”
For observant Jews, however, the implications are extraordinary. Because these products are not derived from animals, rabbinic authorities have ruled them to be parev – neither meat nor dairy. Suddenly, the once-forbidden cheeseburger becomes a halachic possibility.
Teaching Through Beer
While Lesmes’ research is transforming global food systems, he is equally passionate about teaching.
One of his most imaginative projects combines food science, entrepreneurship and rehabilitation. Working with Beit Halochem (House of Warriors), Lesmes developed a course in which students are paired with wounded veterans and given 1,500 shekels – roughly £360 – to brew 25 litres of beer.
The teams use Technion’s facilities to create their own recipes, brands and production processes. At the end of the course, a professional panel judges the beers in a blind tasting.
“It’s a huge celebration,” Lesmes says with a smile, “with a lot of beer.”
One group attracted national attention when they created a beer called HEROES. The label featured the faces of four fallen friends and family members, transforming a scientific exercise into a moving act of remembrance.
Feeding Soldiers in Wartime
Like every Israeli, Lesmes’ life changed after the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023.
Though exempt from military service since 2015, he felt compelled to contribute.
“Like everybody, I wanted to chip in,” he recalls.
He contacted friends in the Israel Defense Forces and offered his expertise in nutrition and food engineering. The army accepted, and Lesmes became a consultant tasked with improving meals for frontline soldiers.
The outcome was a range of sterilised pouch meals that could withstand battlefield conditions while providing comfort and nutrition. Menu options included shawarma, mujaddara – a Middle Eastern rice and lentil dish – and tofu-based meals.
In wartime, food becomes more than sustenance. It becomes a source of morale, familiarity and resilience.
Nutrition for an Ageing World
Lesmes is also focused on another pressing challenge: global ageing.
“One cannot avoid the fact that the world is ageing,” he says.
At Technion, this demographic shift is treated as a grand challenge. Lesmes and his colleagues are redesigning everyday foods to meet the nutritional needs of older adults, many of whom struggle to consume enough calories and protein.
One product he highlights with particular pride is a reformulated breakfast cereal.
“We’re giving it a higher protein content and a higher calorific content, and we cut down on sugar by almost five times to make space for the other things,” he explains. “You have to make every bite count.”
He describes this approach as “health by stealth” – improving nutrition without requiring consumers to change their habits or preferences.
The concept has proven effective before. In the United States, the fortification of bread with folic acid dramatically reduced neural tube defects in newborn babies. Lesmes believes similar strategies can enhance quality of life for ageing populations around the world.
A Culture of Solutions
What distinguishes Technion, Lesmes says, is its mindset.
“We’re trained to think about what other people are missing, or what they think is impossible – and then we try to do it.”
It is a philosophy rooted in practical optimism.
“I was taught not to talk about problems, but to talk about solutions,” he says. “And we’re looking for solutions to things that people are yet to identify as problems.”
That ethos has helped turn Israel into a global centre for food innovation. From dairy without cows to meat without slaughter and cereals designed to combat malnutrition, scientists are redefining what food can be.
Science in Service of Humanity
For Lesmes, the ultimate goal is not novelty for its own sake, but human wellbeing.
“My responsibility is to make more products which contain everything, so that people have better choices,” he says.
Then he offers a reflection that captures both his humility and his ambition.
“Life is not perfect. But through science, we can try to shed light on things we don’t understand, so that we can make them better for everyone.”
It is a sentiment that resonates far beyond the laboratory.
In an era defined by environmental pressures, health challenges and changing traditions, the foods of the future are being shaped by people willing to question what is possible.
And sometimes, that future tastes remarkably like a cheeseburger.
Deciding whether to administer chemotherapy after surgery is one of the most challenging questions in early-stage breast cancer care. While chemotherapy can reduce the risk of recurrence, most patients do not benefit from it and may experience significant short- and long-term side effects. The central challenge is identifying, at the time of diagnosis, which patients are likely to benefit and which are not.
Researchers from the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, together with collaborators from leading medical centres in the United States and Europe, have developed an artificial intelligence (AI) model that predicts both the risk of breast cancer recurrence and the likelihood that a patient will benefit from chemotherapy. The model analyses routine pathology slides taken at diagnosis, offering a fast, widely accessible alternative to costly genomic tests.
The study was recently published in The Lancet Oncology and presented at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) conference. It is the first AI model of its kind to be validated in a large, randomized clinical trial.
Addressing a global clinical need
Each year, approximately 2.3 million people worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer, including about 300,000 in the United States and 5,000 in Israel. Today, genomic tests such as Oncotype DX are commonly used to guide chemotherapy decisions, but these tests are expensive, can take weeks to return results, and are unavailable to many patients globally. Their predictive accuracy is also limited, leading to both unnecessary chemotherapy and missed treatment opportunities.
The Technion-led AI model aims to address these limitations by using information already available in standard pathology samples.
How the model works
The system analyses high-resolution digital images of tumour tissue stained and examined as part of routine pathology. Using deep learning, it evaluates multiple regions of the tumour and its microenvironment, identifying visual patterns associated with cancer behaviour, including cell division, tissue structure, immune response, and features linked to treatment sensitivity or resistance.
“These are complex biological signals that the human eye cannot consistently quantify,” said Dr. Gil Shamai of the Technion’s Geometric Image Processing Laboratory, who led the study. “The model integrates many subtle cues to generate a score that reflects both recurrence risk and expected benefit from chemotherapy.”
Prof. Ron Kimmel, head of the laboratory in the Henry and Marilyn Taub Faculty of Computer Science, explained the concept: “Instead of testing genes, we look directly at the tissue. Just as eye color can be determined by looking at the eyes rather than analyzing DNA, our system extracts a visual signature from pathology images that informs optimal treatment.”
Clinical use and validation
Clinically, the process is straightforward. After diagnosis, the existing tissue sample is digitally scanned and securely analyzed by the AI system. Within minutes, the model produces a numerical score that supports shared decision-making between oncologist and patient.
While the system’s internal decision-making cannot be fully explained in simple rules, its performance has been rigorously validated. The researchers were granted rare access to tissue samples and clinical data from the TAILORx trial—one of the largest randomised breast cancer studies, involving more than 10,000 patients who were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy or not.
“Using data from a randomised trial allowed us to test whether the model truly predicts benefit from chemotherapy, not just recurrence risk,” said Dr. Shamai.
According to Prof. Dvir Aran of the Technion’s Faculty of Biology, a co-leader of the study, “This is the first AI model shown to predict treatment benefit in breast cancer directly from pathology samples.”
The model was further validated on thousands of patients from hospitals in Israel, the United States, and Australia, including Carmel, Emek, and Sheba Medical Centres, demonstrating consistent performance across different populations, equipment, and health care systems.
Fast, affordable, and globally scalable
Unlike genomic tests, the AI-based assessment requires no additional tissue, laboratory processing, or waiting period. It can be performed in minutes in any pathology lab equipped with a digital scanner and internet access.
“In developing countries, where genomic testing is largely unavailable, this tool could dramatically expand access to personalised cancer care,” said Prof. Aran. “In high-income countries, it could reduce costs, shorten diagnosis time, and improve decision accuracy.”
Looking ahead
The research team is now advancing steps toward clinical implementation in Israel and preparing clinical trials in Brazil and India, where the potential impact is particularly large. The researchers are also working to further improve the model and extend it to additional treatments and cancer types where aggressive therapy decisions are made under uncertainty.
Based on these impressive results and the knowledge accumulated over years of groundbreaking research, the researchers now intend to establish a company that will develop tests making them significantly more accessible, accurate, and faster compared to those currently in use worldwide.
The study was led by Dr. Gil Shamai, Prof. Ron Kimmel, and Prof. Dvir Aran, in collaboration with oncologists and pathologists from institutions including Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, the University of Chicago Medical Center, and IPATIMUP Medical Center in Portugal.
In 2011, Cornell entered into an academic partnership with the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology to compete for an ambitious goal: build an innovative New York City campus to educate a new generation of tech leaders, conduct breakthrough research and development, inspire startups and propel the city to becoming a global hub for the tech industry. Beating national competitors in the bidding process, Cornell and the Technion won the opportunity to create Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island. Without the Technion, there would be no Cornell Tech.
Nearly 15 years later, Cornell Tech has educated more than 2,700 students and undertaken groundbreaking research on AI and other new technologies.
Critical to this mission is the Joan and Irwin Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute, created through the unique academic partnership between Cornell and the Technion without a financial obligation from either university to the other. The Jacobs Institute brings together engineers, computer scientists, designers, clinicians and entrepreneurs to develop new technologies, launch startups and generate real-world impact through three research hubs focused on health, media and urban challenges. As is the case at most American universities, all of this research is supported through private philanthropy and competitive grants from U.S. government agencies. At the Health Tech Hub, faculty and students are building machine-learning systems that predict disease progression and assist clinicians with diagnosis and treatment, particularly in areas like cardiology, radiology and emergency care. In the Connective Media Hub, researchers study how digital platforms shape the way information spreads, communities form and public conversations evolve. Within the Urban Tech Hub, researchers explore how advanced data science can improve infrastructure — from housing and transportation to energy systems and climate resilience. Through programs like the Urban Innovation Fellows initiative, researchers work directly with agencies across New York City on challenges ranging from sanitation and procurement to transportation and housing policy.
Belgian-born Technion scientist Dr. Katrien Vandoorne leads research tracking inflammation in the body and says Israel’s collaborative science culture and wartime resilience convinced her to build her lab and raise her family here
When Dr. Katrien Vandoorne first arrived in Israel to pursue her PhD at the Weizmann Institute of Science, she was struck by something that went far beyond laboratories and research facilities. “The people were very collaborative and warm and inspiring,” she recalled. “The science was really great for me, but also the Mediterranean climate, the food, all those things.”
Originally from Belgium, Vandoorne said the country’s scientific culture felt very different from the academic environment she had known in Europe. “In Belgium it’s very hierarchical,” she said. “The professor is very high up, and you should always be very polite and never question anything that is written in the book.”
How did you find Israel’s scientific culture in contrast? “What I really like about Israel is that, as a master’s student, you can question the whole theory of your professor, and there is no problem with that,” she said. “Your professor will actually like it that the student is engaged and wants to make your theory fall.”
For Vandoorne, that openness was transformative. “No one will ever say, ‘That’s a stupid question,’” she said. “Everybody will say, ‘Hey, that’s a good question,’ and take it as a sport.” She believes this atmosphere encourages creativity and innovation. “The young people, they’re the ones with the, maybe, crazy ideas, but maybe also really solving things that the previous generations couldn’t solve.”
Building a life in Israel
Although Vandoorne later had opportunities to work in Europe and the United States, she and her family ultimately decided to build their future in Israel. “It was really a package deal,” she said. Her husband, an Israeli, had long hoped to return. But Vandoorne said the decision was not only personal. “For me it was really the scientific culture and the unique combination of very good science that wants to make an impact and solve problems, together with a really human environment,” she said.
Dr. Vandoorne having breakfast with her students on the grass next to the faculty building: coffee, ideas, and a little team-buildin (Photo: Private album)
Family considerations also played a central role. The couple moved to Israel in the summer of 2018 with their three young children. “They were 3, 5 and 7,” she said. Starting over in a new country while raising a family was not simple. “Becoming an immigrant means that you have to learn the language, find new friends and also professionally grow,” she said. “It’s been a journey.”
Despite the challenges, she says the experience has been enriching. “Instead of making myself smaller by being only an immigrant, I expanded myself by learning Hebrew and also being part of the Israeli culture,” she said.
Mapping inflammation in the body
Today Vandoorne is head of theIn Vivo Multi-Scale Imaging Lab at the Technion’s Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in Haifa. Before joining the Technion, she worked at leading research institutions in Europe and the United States, including Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, and conducted research at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where she completed her PhD.
Her team studies how inflammation spreads through the body and how immune cells travel between organs. “When the body faces any stress like infection, chronic disease or heart attack, the immune system is activated,” she explained. “Most of these immune cells come from the bone marrow. It’s like a factory inside the bones where blood and immune cells are produced.” Her work focuses on how inflammation contributes to diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and neurological disorders, conditions in which the immune system plays a key role.
Using advanced imaging technologies including MRI, PET-CT and intravital microscopy, her team tracks immune cells as they move from the bone marrow through the bloodstream to organs such as the heart and brain. “Our goal is really to visualize these inflammatory processes so we can measure them, monitor them and ultimately also treat them,” she said. “Or even diagnose them earlier and be more precise with therapies.”
Vandoorne’s work sits at the intersection of biology, medicine and engineering, reflecting the Technion’s approach of combining technological innovation with medical research.
A unique research ecosystem
Vandoorne says the Technion’s strength lies in its ability to bridge engineering and medicine. “It combines engineers on the technical side and clinicians on the medicine side,” she said. “You have Rambam Hospital, a great medical school and all the engineers needed to solve problems.” Biomedical engineers often stand at the intersection of those disciplines. “We’re really trying to work on real-world problems,” she said.
Beyond infrastructure, she credits the university’s collaborative atmosphere. “It’s a very warm human environment,” she said. “Everybody is open and supporting. Whatever question I have, people are trying to help.”
Life and work during war
Like many Israelis, Vandoorne’s daily life has also been shaped by the ongoing war. “The war has been a rough pill to swallow,” she said. Without extended family nearby and with many international friends leaving Israel after the October 7 attacks, the experience has been emotionally challenging. “I built up a whole network of friends and most of them left,” she said. “It was very confronting for me to need to start it up again.”
Yet she says both her children and her students have helped her navigate the uncertainty. “My children teach me the most about how to deal with it,” she said. “I worry about them and they tell me not to. They say they are fine.” Her lab community has also provided support. “For me our faculty feels like a small family,” she said. “Everybody is really part of the community.”
During periods of heavy rocket fire from Hezbollah in northern Israel, staff and students often gathered in a large underground shelter inside their building. “We were just all down there trying to ground ourselves by talking science in the shelter while bombs were falling,” she said. “After everything stops everybody gives a hug and we go back up and continue our day.”
Believing in Israel’s scientific future
Despite the difficulties, Vandoorne remains optimistic about Israel’s future in science and innovation. “I think if anywhere there’s going to be biomedical innovation, it’s going to be here,” she said. Part of that belief comes from what she sees as a national resilience. “We are not afraid of anything,” she said. “That lack of fear stops many people in other countries from innovating.”
Facing constant challenges can also fuel creativity, she said. “If you are in a country where everything is good and everything is fine, you don’t want to take a challenge,” she said. “Here we deal with challenges every day.”
For Vandoorne, that spirit continues to shape both her research and her life in Israel. “It really feels like a place where people want to solve problems and help each other,” she said. “That’s why I want to stay.”
Prof. Katrien Vandoorne is head of the In Vivo Multiscale Imaging Lab in the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering in the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.
Technion and top US universities unveil implantable ‘living pancreas’ that senses glucose, produces insulin and evades immune response, paving the way for self-regulating, long-term diabetes treatment without daily injections
A multinational research team led by an Israeli engineer and involving top U.S. universities has unveiled a pioneering implantable device that could someday eliminate the need for daily insulin injections for people with diabetes.
The study, published Jan. 28 in Science Translational Medicine, describes a living, cell‑based implant that functions as an autonomous “artificial pancreas.” Once placed in the body, the device continuously monitors blood glucose levels, produces insulin internally and releases exactly what the body needs — without external pumps, injections or patient intervention.
The breakthrough centers on a novel protective technology researchers call a “crystalline shield”, engineered to prevent the body’s immune system from rejecting the implant — a major hurdle that has stymied cell‑based therapies for decades. The shield allows the implant to operate reliably for years.
Tests in mice showed effective long‑term glucose regulation, and studies in non‑human primates confirmed that the cells inside the implant remain viable and functional, the researchers said. Those results, they added, provide strong support for future clinical testing in humans.
The work was led by Assistant Professor Shady Farah of the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology’s Faculty of Chemical Engineering, in collaboration with scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University and the University of Massachusetts. The collaboration traces back to Farah’s postdoctoral work beginning in 2018 at MIT and Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, under tissue‑engineering pioneers including Robert Langer, a co‑founder of Moderna.
Assistant Professor Shady Farah
Farah’s co‑first authors on the paper are Matthew Bochenek of MIT and Joshua Doloff of Johns Hopkins. Other contributors include Technion researchers Dr. Merna Shaheen‑Mualim and former master’s students Neta Kutner and Edward Odeh, who also helped adapt the work for publication.
While the initial focus is on diabetes, the team emphasized that the platform could one day be adapted to deliver other biologic therapies continuously, offering a new approach to chronic conditions such as hemophilia and other metabolic or genetic diseases.
If successfully translated into human treatment, experts say the technology could reshape the management of chronic illness by replacing lifelong drug regimens with self‑regulated, living therapeutics working continuously inside the body.
Prof. Ido Kaminer and Prof. Yehonadav Bekenstein of the Technion have been awarded ERC Proof of Concept (PoC) grants by the European Research Council. The grants are expected to lead to a major leap forward in low-radiation medical imaging and in the precise mapping of biological tissues.
Two young researchers from the Technion have won the prestigious ERC PoC grants from the European Research Council (ERC). Proof of Concept grants are feasibility grants designed to promote the transition from academic research to application and commercialization, including the establishment of a startup company, and are awarded only to researchers who have previously received ERC grants. Grant amount: €150,000 each.
The two recipients are Prof. Ido Kaminer from the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Prof. Yehonadav Bekenstein from the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering. Both joined the Technion faculty in the same year, 2018, and in 2025 inaugurated a joint interfaculty laboratory: the Quantum Microscopy Lab. This innovative lab is equipped with state-of-the-art microscopes capable of detecting quantum phenomena that cannot be studied by other means. The laboratory, which also includes Dr. Michael Krüger from the Faculty of Physics, was established following the Technion’s success in a call issued by the National Authority for Technological Innovation, with support from the Helen Diller Quantum Center at the Technion.
Prof. Yehonadav Bekenstein, a graduate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, joined the Technion faculty after a Rothschild postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. He is considered a leading scientist in materials discovery, specializing in light-emitting nanomaterials and perovskites the technology at the heart of the new sensor that earned him the grant. His scientific work has been recognized with a series of prestigious awards, including the Krill Prize for Excellence in Scientific Research and the Goldberg Prize from the Technion.
The grant Prof. Bekenstein received will be used to advance MagicLayer a sensor for a new generation of medical imaging with minimal radiation exposure. The scientifc idea of the developed technology is based on nanocrystals and ultrafast quantum light emission.
The Quantum Microscopy Laboratory at the Technion. From left to right: Prof. Yehonadav Bekenstein, Dr. Michael Krüger, Prof. Ido Kaminer, and laboratory director Dr. Kobi Cohen
Sensors used in medical imaging are currently limited by their response speed. This relative slowness leads to the loss of valuable information and forces physicians to increase patients’ exposure to radiation. Standard crystals used in industry have reached the limits of their classical physical capabilities and struggle to deliver the field’s “holy grail,” which is a time resolution of 10 picoseconds. This is where the new sensor comes in; it is based on arrays of nanocrystals developed at the Technion. The light emitted from these arrays is correlated and responds significantly faster than existing technologies. The technology is relevant not only to medicine but also to improving electron microscopes and to real-time monitoring of radioactive gases in nuclear facilities. The research team behind the winning proposal includes Dr. Georgy Dosovitskiy, Dr. Rotem Strassberg, and Shai Levy.
Prof. Ido Kaminer, who completed all of his degrees at the Erna and Andrew Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, returned as a faculty member after a postdoctoral fellowship at MIT. He is a world-renowned scientist in photonics, electron microscopy, light–matter interactions, quantum information processing, and mathematical discoveries using artificial intelligence. His scientific work has earned him numerous honors, including the Stanisław Lem Prize, the Schmidt Science Polymath Award, the Blavatnik Award, the Krill Prize, and election to the Israeli Young Academy.
His new grant will be used to develop Stork – an innovative module that improves the performance of transmission electron microscopes (TEM). These instruments are widely adopted for biological applications as well as semiconductor metrology and inspection. However, their capabilities across both fields are highly limited owing to low contrast, which hinders resolution and throughput. The Stork technology makes it possible to introduce light directly onto the studied specimen, while also efficiently collecting the light emitted from it, thereby enhancing the TEM imaging capabilities dramatically. This paradigm shift in TEM technology will provide unprecedented information for imaging biological tissues and atomic-scale defects in electronic devices. The research team behind the winning proposal includes Dr. Tal Fishman, Dr. Michael Yannai, and Dr. Raphael Dahan, as well as students Marta Rozhenko and Rotem Elimelech.
Researchers at the Technion Faculty of Biology have discovered that a mechanism responsible for breaking down toxic proteins, and known to be involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, may actually spread these proteins to neighboring cells, thereby promoting the progression of the disease in the brain
A research group led by Professor Michael Glickman, dean of the Technion’s Faculty of Biology, has uncovered a key mechanism in the development of Alzheimer’s. The mechanism in question identifies toxic proteins and disposes of them. In most cases, harmful proteins are degraded inside the cell. However, the researchers found that in certain situations, the very system meant to eliminate these proteins simply transfers them outside the cell. This discovery may explain how a disease that begins randomly in individual neurons can spread to large regions of the brain.
The study, published in PNAS, was led by Prof. Glickman and postdoctoral researcher Dr. Ajay Wagh. In their article, they describe how brain cells deal with UBB+1, a defective and toxic variant of the protein ubiquitin.
The ubiquitin system is essential for breaking down damaged and dangerous proteins. Ubiquitin helps the body eliminate such proteins. The problem arises when ubiquitin mutates into UBB+1. Instead of protecting the cell, UBB+1 harms it, forming protein aggregates associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In brain cells, this damage is particularly severe because neurons do not divide or regenerate – once a neuron dies, it cannot be replaced. One of the “gatekeepers” that prevents UBB+1 from poisoning brain cells is the protein p62, which is involved in the cellular self-cleaning process known as autophagy. Acting as a smart receptor, p62 recognizes UBB+1 and encloses it in a vesicle that prevents it from causing harm.
Next, one of two things happens: p62 either directs the vesicle to the lysosome, which is the cell’s recycling centre, or secretes it out of the cell into the intercellular brain fluid. The Technion researchers show that the second option may endanger brain tissue. Once the vesicle is expelled into the brain’s extracellular fluid, fragments of the toxic UBB+1 protein may leak into neighboring neurons, thereby accelerating the spread of Alzheimer’s pathology.
According to Prof. Glickman, “We all want someone to take out the trash, but in this case, the cells are dumping their trash on their neighbors. Although this solves an acute problem for the individual cell, it may cause long-term damage to the entire tissue. We believe that uncovering this mechanism will enable, first, early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on analyses of cerebrospinal and other body fluids, and second, the development of precise, personalized treatments.”
The study was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and the European Research Council (ERC).
Prof. Reinhard Genzel, who won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy, met with students at the Technion and planted a tree on the campus’ “Nobel Laureates Avenue”
Prof. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize laureate for 2020, recently visited the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. During his visit, Prof. Genzel met with the incoming Dean of the Faculty of Physics, Prof. Eric Akkermans, delivered a lecture in the Faculty, met with graduate students, and then planted a tree on the Technion’s “Nobel Laureates Avenue,” where more than twenty trees have been planted by Nobel Prize laureates.
This was not Prof. Genzel’s first visit to the Technion. In 2014, the Technion awarded him the Harvey Prize in Science and Technology for proving the existence of a black hole at the center of our galaxy (i.e., the Milky Way Galaxy). The Harvey Prize is the most prestigious award granted by the Technion, and over the years, it has become known as a “Nobel predictor,” since more than 30% of its recipients have gone on to win the Nobel Prize. This was the case with Prof. Genzel, who received the Nobel Prize six years after winning the Harvey Prize. Since then, Prof. Genzel has visited the Technion several times.
Born in Germany in 1952, Prof. Genzel is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany. Until the age of 15, he believed he would become an archaeologist. “In the end, I arrived at a similar field,” he told Technion students, “after all, both archaeology and astrophysics deal with the study of the past.” He was also interested in sports and was even selected for Germany’s Olympic team in javelin throwing. A severe elbow injury cut short this promising athletic career and dashed his dream of participating in the Munich Olympics. Nevertheless, he said that “Sports gave me excellent tools for life, especially the understanding that you must work hard and know how to get up after failures.”
Prof. Genzel with Technion President Prof. Uri Sivan
Before the lecture in the Faculty of Physics, Prof. Hagai Perets spoke in glowing terms about Prof. Genzel. “In my view, his greatness as a person is no less than his greatness as a scientist,” said Prof. Perets. “As a doctoral student, I remember how accessible he was to students, how much he enjoyed meeting them and helping them. His support for Israel over many decades, and especially since the events of October 7, attests to his exceptional character.”
“My visits here, and my friendships with colleagues at the Technion and in Israel in general, are a great privilege,” said Prof. Genzel. “I see many curious students here in the audience, and I promise them that the Technion is an excellent place for high-level learning.”
“Black holes were part of Einstein’s general theory of relativity,” said Prof. Genzel. “According to Newton’s classical physics, if a photon (a particle of light) passes near a mass, it will not be affected by it and will not change its path. According to Einstein, by contrast, the photon will be influenced by the mass and will deviate from its trajectory; and if the mass is particularly large, the deviation will be especially large. In such a case, regions form in space from which photons cannot escape. These are black holes.”
Prof. Genzel
Since the publication of the general theory of relativity in 1915, significant breakthroughs have been made in its theoretical development, but experimental research has had to contend with numerous technological challenges – and this is where Prof. Genzel’s main contribution lies. Using the technologies he developed, Prof. Genzel succeeded in proving the existence of a black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and determined that its mass is four million times that of the Sun.
One of the technological challenges on the road to discovery was the optical challenge, since the radiation reaching the large telescopes on Earth passes through currents and turbulence in the atmosphere that distort the resulting image. The solution developed by Prof. Genzel and his colleagues combined infrared imaging, innovative optical technologies, and adaptive optics – a field that began developing in the 1980s and made it possible to correct the optical disturbances created by the atmosphere. Adaptive optics is based, among other things, on creating “virtual stars” using laser radiation and observing them telescopically; based on the data obtained from these observations, and the gap between them and the true properties of the “star,” it is possible to create a correction mechanism that neutralizes atmospheric distortions and provides a more accurate and sharper image of real objects in space.
“Prof. Genzel is a leading observational astrophysicist who has excelled in developing groundbreaking instrumentation,” explained Dr. Shmuel Bialy from the Technion Faculty of Physics, who organized the visit. “The success that led him to the Nobel Prize was based on instruments whose development he led. The most recent of these, GRAVITY, was launched in 2016 as part of the VLT (Very Large Telescope) in Chile. The instrument combines the signals from four telescopes, each with a diameter of 8.2 meters, and produces an image with exceptional resolution, equivalent to observations made with a gigantic telescope with a mirror diameter of 130 meters. This technology makes it possible to measure the positions of objects with an accuracy of up to 10 micro-arcseconds – like measuring, in a telescopic observation from Tel Aviv, the exact position of a grain of sand lying on a bench in New York.”
Prof. Genzel with the students
The technological advances led by Prof. Genzel enabled him and his partners to create pioneering observation systems and unprecedented discoveries. In October 2002, they published in Nature the findings they had collected over a decade and their central conclusion: at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, about 26,000 light-years from us, there is an object smaller than the size of the solar system but with a mass four million times that of the Sun. This discovery led to the awarding of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics to three scientists: Prof. Genzel and Prof. Andrea Ghez for the discovery of a “supermassive compact object at the center of the galaxy,” and Prof. Roger Penrose of Oxford for showing that “black holes are a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity.”
Prof. Genzel shared his scientific journey with the students. “The motivation to continue experimental research, with all its challenges, came to me from the many successes along the way. The Nobel Prize was never my motivation – and Prof. Charles Townes, Nobel laureate in Physics for 1964, made it clear to me early in my career that there are no Nobel Prizes in astrophysics. Later, when I received the Crafoord Prize in 2012 from the Royal Swedish Academy – the same academy that awards the Nobel Prize – they told me at the dinner after the ceremony that ‘you have no chance of winning a Nobel Prize – unless you present a truly earth-shaking discovery.’”
In the past decade, things have changed, and four Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded to astrophysics. One of them went to Prof. Genzel, who told the students that, “Even after the Prize, I continue to do science because that’s what I love. It’s not that nothing changes – the attention you receive following the award is hard to describe. And it doesn’t affect you only positively – suddenly, the media follows every word you say and looks for ways to create sensational headlines from your remarks. That requires great caution.”
At 15, when a neurological condition took Tobias Weinberg’s ability to speak, aspects of his personality became more difficult to express.
Typing to communicate, he struggled to keep up in conversations, especially to make the jokes or sarcastic comments that had been his norm. And his first text-to-voice device was monotone, with Mexican or Spanish accents but not his native Argentinian.
“The monotone voices, the timing of interjections and conveying my personality through this new way of communication was definitely frustrating,” wrote Weinberg, now a doctoral student and Siegel PiTech Fellow at Cornell Tech. As part of the Matter of Tech Lab, he is exploring how artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance the technologies that he and more than two million Americans with speech disabilities use to communicate.
Through a standing partnership between Cornell Tech and YAI—a nonprofit that supports more than 20,000 people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in New York, New Jersey and California—Weinberg spent a year working with a group of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) users who live in group homes in Tarrytown, New York to better understand needs and behaviors and to improve prototypes.
The resulting research and lines of inquiry, which incorporate Weinberg’s own experience, could transform assistive technology design.
The field is taking notice. Weinberg’s first paper—”Why so serious?”—won best paper honorable mention and jury best demo awards at the prestigious Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). Those are highly coveted commendations according to his advisor, Thijs Roumen, assistant professor at Cornell Tech.
“Tobi really is a trailblazer,” said Roumen, who has a joint appointment in the Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science. “He’s been developing technology while also using the technology, which changes the way it’s shaped and the way we reflect on it. In the process, he’s hitting on a richness that is going to make the future of AAC technology much much better, and he’s also inspiring a whole generation of researchers.”
Judith Bailey-Hung, supervisor of the YAI Center for Innovation and Engagement, said he’s also inspiring the AAC users involved in his studies.
“For the people we support, it was very powerful to see that this person’s working on their Ph.D., they’re interested in improving how you communicate, and they want to involve you in that process,” said Bailey-Hung, who has supervised three Cornell Tech interns as part of a larger partnership. “It gives them a voice and a way to advocate for themselves.”
Humor, backchanneling and AI villains
Heather Klippel, who has cerebral palsy and lives in a YAI group home, has similar frustrations with AAC devices to Weinberg’s—she gets overwhelmed when too many people are speaking and struggles to convey tone and humor.
“Those things are very hard to express as a nonverbal person,” Klippel wrote.
In the first of two studies, Weinberg interviewed Klippel and six others and designed an interface that could help users write jokes or humorous comments they can then interject in real time.
“There is an inherent tradeoff between agency and efficiency when designing AI tools that support communication,” Weinberg wrote. “While an AI auto-complete will enable making humorous comments faster, there is a risk that it diminishes the user’s sense of agency by making jokes for users instead of with the user.”
Weinberg designed interfaces that explored this tradeoff—in one, users selected keywords they wanted the AI to use in crafting a joke; in another, they were able to edit and modify AI-written jokes; and in another, they could simply choose a joke that the AI provided.
“What we found is in time-pressured scenarios, like making a humorous comment, AAC users were willing to give up some agency to deliver the comment faster,” Weinberg wrote. “This challenged the existing research that said AAC users care most about maximum agency, which is true in general but not always.”
At 15, Weinberg lost the ability to speak and found it harder to communicate certain aspects of his personality, like humor. Now, he’s working to make assistive communication technologies more expressive. Credit: Alexandra Bayer/Cornell University
That led Weinberg and his collaborators to think about the purpose of humor. Often, he said, the joke itself is less important than participation and engagement in the conversation. The team started to consider other types of “backchanneling,” or ways we communicate engagement, alongside the primary conversation, like saying “uh-huh” or nodding.
In a second study with the AAC users—resulting in a paper, “One does not simply ‘Mm-hmm'” presented at the ASSETS’ Conference on Computers and Accessibility in October—Weinberg and his team found that the participants formed their own micro-culture of bachkchanneling, such as tapping their armrests to indicate agreement or raising eyebrows. The interviews and observations led him and his team to recommend a design approach that amplifies and incorporates what users are already doing, rather than imposing mainstream behaviours.
“There can be this tendency to just want to build an app and solve a problem,” Roumen said. “But by asking ourselves these fundamental questions and driving the curiosity that Tobi brings as a researcher to really understand what’s happening, we can now start to understand how we can be really impactful in this space.”
Those fundamental questions are often also ethical ones. For a third paper currently in submission, Weinberg developed an app that collected everything he’d typed over a period of seven months and used the text to train a large language model that could help facilitate and speed his communication.
While the resulting “AI-twin” captured a verbal identity, incorporating characteristic phrases and Argentinian slang, it failed in practice to suggest or provide that language in appropriate contexts and risked exposing private information at the wrong times. Weinberg also felt the app dampened control over his own self-presentation.
“AI is a very wonderful but dangerous technology, especially if it mediates everything we say as AAC users,” Weinberg wrote. “So, my work serves both sides, providing design guidelines for future developers and also playing the villain, warning of the socio-technical implications of AI in the lives of AAC users like myself.”
Building community, inspiring others
Weinberg disassembled his first computer at age 2 and at age 7 told his parents he wanted to invent things that would help people. But when he arrived at Cornell Tech for a summer internship in 2022, he didn’t know what a Ph.D. was and did not see it in his future.
Wendy Ju, associate professor at Cornell Tech, encouraged Weinberg to apply for the doctoral program after completing his bachelor’s in mechanical engineering at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology. In 2023, he joined Roumen’s lab, intending to work on digital fabrication. But Roumen encouraged Weinberg, as he does all students, to find a project he really cared about.
“I told Thijs, there was this other thing I really care about, but neither of us has any experience with it,” Weinberg wrote. “He was on board to give it a try, and here we are.”
Weinberg and Roumen teamed with Stephanie Valencia at the University of Maryland, who specializes in AI and agency in AAC use. After overcoming steep learning curves—embarking on what Roumen calls “a journey” for them both—Weinberg is now inspiring others.
“It amazes me that somebody with an AAC device was going for his doctorate,” Klippel wrote. “I know that people with disabilities can achieve such high degrees in education, but it was quite an honor to actually meet somebody like this.”
The studies have also built community. Klippel said she became closer to another AAC user during the course of the studies and continued the friendship.
For Weinberg, seeing that connection form was one of the most rewarding parts of the research. “It didn’t feel like a workshop, it felt like a couple of friends hanging out and sharing anecdotes about our AAC hurdles and use, not only for me but also for them,” he wrote.
The other reward was seeing the participants use the systems to express themselves in new ways. Weinberg often replays a video from the humor study, of an AAC user working with the platform to write a joke and bursting into laughter at what she had created.
“That made all the hard work worth it,” he wrote.
Looking ahead, Weinberg hopes to reframe AAC—not as a workaround for missing speech but as a medium of expression. “This vision represents a step toward the broader goal of enabling AAC users to fully participate in spoken communication and to flourish in society,” he wrote.
